初中英语语法 · 从零学起(精讲版)

人教版 Go for it! 七~九年级通用 · 36 讲 · 每讲 3 道练习带完整解析 · 学完即可掌握中考语法主干

学习进度 0% 勾选"本课已掌握"自动记录

0. 学习地图与用法

本课目标:知道语法一共要学哪几块、按什么顺序学、每天学多少。

整个初中语法只有四块地基,缺一块就会全线塌方:

阶段学什么为什么必须先学它课次
第 0 阶 起步句子成分、五种基本句型不知道"主谓宾",后面一切都是空中楼阁1–3
第 1 阶 词法名词、代词、冠词、形副、介连句子由词组成,词形不对句子必错4–13
第 2 阶 动词时态、情态、被动、非谓语中考语法 60% 的分在动词上14–27
第 3 阶 句法三大从句、句子种类初三重点,也是写作提分点28–32

三步学习法(务必照做):

读讲解:先看"本课目标",再看规则表,看不懂就停下重读,别硬往下走。

做 3 题:每课末尾有 3 道练习。先用纸盖住答案自己写,写完再看解析。

勾掌握:3 题全对,才勾"本课已掌握"。错 1 题以上就隔天重做本课练习。

家长陪练提示:孩子在某课连续两次做不对,问题几乎一定在更前面的课。例如"现在完成时"总错,真实原因往往是第 14 课"动词过去分词"没背熟。往回退一课,比在原地反复讲更有效。

1. 句子是什么(主谓宾)

本课目标:能指出任意一个英语句子的主语、谓语、宾语,并判断一个句子是否完整。

中文可以说"吃饭我中午在学校",听得懂;英语不行,英语的词序是骨架,顺序一乱意思就变。最基本的骨架是:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(谁 + 做什么 + 对什么)。

1.1 句子的六大成分

成分作用常由什么充当例(划线部分)
主语 S动作的发出者,一般在句首名词、代词Tom eats an apple.
谓语 V动作或状态,句子的心脏动词Tom eats an apple.
宾语 O动作的承受者,在动词后名词、代词Tom eats an apple.
表语 P说明主语"是什么/怎么样"形容词、名词Tom is tall.
定语修饰名词(什么样的)形容词、名词、从句a red apple
状语修饰动词(何时/何地/如何)副词、介词短语He runs fast.
铁律:除祈使句外,每个完整英语句子必须有主语和谓语。中文的"无主句"("下雨了""很高兴见到你")翻成英语必须补主语:It is raining. / I am glad to see you.

1.2 中英三大差异(薄弱同学必看)

必有主语:中文"下雨了"→ 英语 It is raining.(it 作形式主语,不译)。

动词要变脸:中文"他吃 / 他昨天吃 / 他每天吃"动词永远是"吃";英语 eats / ate / eats 必须随人称和时间变形。这是中国学生失分第一名。

疑问句要倒装:中文只在句尾加"吗";英语要把 be 动词或助动词提到主语前:Do you eat...? / Is he a student?

✍ 本课练习(3 题 · 先盖住答案自己做)
  1. 指出句子成分:My sister bought a new bike yesterday.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:My sister = 主语;bought = 谓语;a new bike = 宾语;yesterday = 状语;new = 定语。 解析:先找动词 bought,它前面是主语、后面是宾语。表时间的 yesterday 是状语,可以删掉句子仍完整。
  2. 下面哪句不是完整句子?A. Open the door. B. Is very interesting. C. She looks happy.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:B 解析:B 缺主语(什么很有趣?)应改为 It is very interesting.;A 是祈使句,主语 you 被省略,属合法;C 主语 She + 谓语 looks + 表语 happy,完整。
  3. 把"很高兴认识你"译成英语,注意补主语。
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:I'm glad / happy to meet you. 解析:中文省略了"我",英语必须补出主语 I。写 Glad to meet you. 只可用于口语寒暄,做翻译题会被扣分。
口诀:找动词,定谓语;前是主,后是宾;中文可省,英语必补。

2. 五种基本句型

本课目标:认识英语全部 5 种句子骨架,写作文时能保证句子结构不出错。

英语再长的句子,剥掉修饰后都属于下面 5 种之一。记住这 5 个模型,写句子就不会"缺胳膊少腿"。

编号句型说明例句
主 + 谓不及物动词,后面不带宾语The baby cried. / Time flies.
主 + 谓 + 宾及物动词,最常见I like English.
主 + 系 + 表系动词后接形容词/名词说明主语She is a doctor. / It smells good.
主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾给某人某物(双宾语)He gave me a book.
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补使宾语怎么样We made him monitor. / Keep the door open.

2.1 必须记牢的系动词清单

系动词后面接形容词而不是副词,这是初中高频考点。常见系动词:

be 类:am / is / are / was / were

感官类:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉)

变化类:become / get / turn / grow(变得)

保持类:keep / stay / remain(保持)

易错:It sounds well. ❌ → It sounds good. ✅ 系动词后必须用形容词。但 He is well. ✅ 因为这里 well 是形容词"身体好"。

2.2 双宾语的两种写法

句型④可以改写成"直宾 + 介词 + 间宾",介词用 to 还是 for 要分清:

to:give / show / lend / pass / send / tell / bring / teach → He gave a book to me.

for:buy / make / cook / get / sing / draw → She bought a gift for me.

记法:东西"传过去"给人用 to(有转移动作);东西"为某人做"用 for(无转移,只是为他)。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 判断句型编号:The soup tastes delicious.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:句型③ 主+系+表 解析:tastes 是感官系动词,delicious 是形容词作表语。注意不能写 tastes deliciously。
  2. 改写:My father bought me a computer. → 用介词改写。
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:My father bought a computer for me. 解析:buy 属"为某人做"类,用 for,不能用 to。写成 bought a computer to me 是典型错误。
  3. 改错:The flowers smell very beautifully.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:beautifully → beautiful 解析:smell 是系动词,后接形容词作表语。看到系动词就在心里默念"后面跟形容词"。
口诀:五大句型定骨架;系动词后跟形容;give 用 to,buy 用 for。

3. 八大词性全景

本课目标:看到一个单词能立刻判断它的词性,从而知道它在句中该放哪儿。
词性缩写作用例词在句中位置
名词n.人、物、地、概念book, Tom, China, love主语、宾语、表语
代词pron.代替名词,避免重复he, this, someone同名词
形容词adj.修饰名词(…的)big, red, happy名词前、系动词后
副词adv.修饰动/形/副(…地)quickly, very, here动词后、形容词前
动词v.动作或状态eat, be, run主语后作谓语
数词num.数目与顺序one, first名词前
介词prep.表关系,后面必接名词in, on, with名词前
连词conj.连接词、短语或句子and, but, because连接处

3.1 用后缀快速判断词性

后缀词性
-tion / -sion / -ment / -ness / -ity名词action, decision, movement, happiness
-er / -or / -ist / -ian名词(人)teacher, actor, artist, musician
-ful / -less / -ous / -ive / -al / -y形容词useful, careless, famous, active, windy
-ly副词(多数)quickly, carefully
-ize / -ify / -en动词realize, beautify, widen
例外提醒:friendly、lovely、lively、weekly 结尾是 -ly 但都是形容词,不是副词。中考常在这里设陷阱。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 用 care 的正确形式填空:He is a very ______ driver. He drives ______.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:careful / carefully 解析:第一空修饰名词 driver,要形容词 careful;第二空修饰动词 drives,要副词 carefully。"修名用形,修动用副"。
  2. 判断词性:friendly
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:形容词(友好的)。 解析:虽以 -ly 结尾但是形容词,只能用于 a friendly boy / He is friendly.,不能修饰动词。同类还有 lovely、lively、weekly。
  3. 改错:The old man walked very slow to the shop.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:slow → slowly 解析:walked 是动词,要用副词 slowly 修饰。类似易错:drive fast(fast 本身既是形容词又是副词,无 fastly 这个词)。
口诀:修名用形,修动用副;-ly 多为副,friendly 是例外。

4. 名词(可数与复数)

本课目标:判断任意名词可数与否,正确写出复数形式,会用"量词 of"表达不可数名词的数量。

4.1 可数与不可数

可数名词:能一个一个数,有单复数,单数前可加 a/an。book→books,apple→apples。

不可数名词:无法直接数(液体、材料、抽象概念),没有复数、前面不能加 a/an

初中必背不可数清单:water, milk, juice, tea, bread, rice, meat, money, time, work, homework, news, advice, information, fun, weather, music, paper(纸), room(空间), food, air, snow, hair。

三大易错:advices / informations / newses 全错,它们永远单数形式;② news 以 s 结尾但是不可数、作单数The news is good.;③ 有些词双身份:paper(纸,不可数)/ a paper(一份报纸、一篇论文,可数);room(空间,不可数)/ a room(房间,可数)。

4.2 不可数名词的量化表达

公式:数词 + 量词(可变复数) + of + 不可数名词

a piece of paper / advice / news / information(一张纸、一条建议、一则新闻、一条信息)

a cup of tea, a glass of water, a bottle of juice, a bowl of rice, a bag of rice, a slice of bread, a kilo of meat

复数时只变量词two pieces of advice(advice 不加 s)、three cups of tea

4.3 复数变化规则(含不规则表)

情况规则
一般情况+ sbook→books, pen→pens
s, x, ch, sh 结尾+ esbox→boxes, watch→watches, brush→brushes
辅音字母 + y变 y 为 i + escity→cities, baby→babies, country→countries
元音字母 + y直接 + sboy→boys, day→days, key→keys
f / fe 结尾变 f/fe 为 v + esleaf→leaves, knife→knives, life→lives, wife→wives, half→halves, shelf→shelves
o 结尾(有生命/常用)+ estomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes, hero→heroes
o 结尾(无生命)+ sphoto→photos, piano→pianos, radio→radios, zoo→zoos
不规则类型例(必背)
变元音man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese
加 -en / -renchild→children, ox→oxen
单复数同形sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese
只有复数形式trousers, glasses, shoes, socks, clothes, chopsticks(成对成双)
合成词变主体man doctor→men doctors, woman teacher→women teachers(两个都变)
高频陷阱:people 本身就是复数(人们),Two people are here.police 也作复数。Chinese / English 表"中国人/英国人"时,Chinese 单复数同形,English 要用 Englishmen。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:There are three ______ (knife) and two ______ (tomato) on the table.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:knives / tomatoes 解析:knife 属 f/fe 结尾变 ves;tomato 是有生命/常用词加 es。记口诀"土豆西红柿英雄加 es,照片钢琴收音机只加 s"。
  2. 改错:My teacher gave me some good advices about my English.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:advices → advice 解析:advice 不可数,永远无复数。若要表示"两条建议",须写 two pieces of advice
  3. 填空:The ______ (news) ______ (be) very exciting.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:news / is 解析:news 虽带 s 但不可数,视为单数,谓语用 is。同理 Physics is my favourite subject.
口诀:不可数无复数、不加 a;一片纸一条建议 piece of;土豆西红柿英雄加 es。

5. 名词所有格

本课目标:正确写出"某人的东西",会区分 's 和 of 两种所有格。

5.1 's 所有格(用于人和有生命的东西)

情况规则
单数名词+ 'sTom's book(汤姆的书)
以 s 结尾的复数只加 'the students' books(学生们的书)
不以 s 结尾的复数+ 'schildren's toys, men's room
两人共有最后一个加 'sTom and Jerry's room(共一间)
两人各有各自都加 'sTom's and Jerry's rooms(各一间)

5.2 of 所有格(用于无生命的东西)

the door of the room(房间的门)、the end of the story(故事的结尾)、the name of the book

例外:表时间、距离、国家、城市、组织的无生命名词也可用 's:today's newspaperten minutes' walkChina's populationthe world's population

双重所有格与省略:a friend of my father's(我父亲的一位朋友)为固定结构;② 表商店、住宅时名词可省略:at the doctor's(在诊所)、go to my uncle's(去我叔叔家)。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:This is my ______ (parents) bedroom.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:parents' 解析:parents 已是以 s 结尾的复数,只需加撇号。写成 parents's 是错的。
  2. 翻译:步行十分钟的路程
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:ten minutes' walk(或 a ten-minute walk)。 解析:时间名词可用 's 所有格。若用连字符复合形容词形式,minute 必须用单数:a ten-minute walk。
  3. 改错:The leg of the desk is broken. / The desk's leg is broken. 哪个更规范?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:The leg of the desk 更规范。 解析:desk 是无生命物体,标准用法是 of 所有格。中考单选题若两者都在选项中,选 of 结构。
口诀:有生命用 's,无生命用 of;复数带 s 只加撇;时间距离国家可破例。

6. 冠词 a / an / the

本课目标:会判断该用 a、an、the 还是不加冠词(零冠词)。

6.1 a 与 an 的选择:看读音,不看字母

规则:后面单词读音以元音开头用 an,以辅音开头用 a

字母是元音但读辅音 → 用 a:a university(读 /juː/)、a useful book、a European country、a one-way street(读 /w/)。

字母是辅音但读元音 → 用 an:an hour(h 不发音)、an honest boy、an X-ray(读 /eks/)、an 8-year-old boy。

6.2 the 的六大用法

用法
第二次提到(上文已出现)I bought a book. The book is interesting.
世上独一无二the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky
形容词最高级 / 序数词前the tallest boy, the first lesson
乐器名词前play the piano, play the violin
the + 姓氏复数 = 一家人the Greens(格林一家)
固定搭配in the morning, at the same time, all the time, on the left

6.3 不加冠词(零冠词)的情况

① 球类、棋类运动前:play football / play chess(对比乐器要加 the)。

② 三餐、季节、节日、月份、星期前:have breakfast, in spring, on Monday

③ 学科、语言前:study English, like math

④ by + 交通工具:by bus / by bike / by train(但 take a buson the bus 要有冠词)。

⑤ 复数表泛指:Apples are good for you.(泛指所有苹果)。

最经典对比:play the piano(乐器加 the)vs play football(球类不加)。中考几乎年年考。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:My brother is ______ honest boy and he wants to be ______ university teacher.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:an / a 解析:honest 的 h 不发音,读音以元音 /ɒ/ 开头用 an;university 读 /juːnɪ/,是辅音 /j/ 开头用 a。判断依据是读音不是字母。
  2. 填空:He can play ______ piano, and he often plays ______ basketball after school.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:the / 不填(零冠词) 解析:乐器前加 the,球类运动前不加冠词。这是初中冠词最高频考点,务必记死。
  3. 改错:The Greens usually have the breakfast at seven in morning.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:删去 breakfast 前的 the;in 后补 thehave breakfast ... in the morning 解析:三餐前零冠词;in the morning 是固定搭配必须有 the。The Greens 表"格林一家",这个 the 是对的。
口诀:a/an 看读音不看字母;乐器加 the,球类不加;三餐季节月份星期都不加。

7. 人称代词与物主代词

本课目标:背下代词对照表,做题时能秒选正确形式。
人称主格
(作主语)
宾格
(动词/介词后)
形容词性物主
(+名词)
名词性物主
(单独用)
反身代词
Imemyminemyself
你 / 你们youyouyouryoursyourself / yourselves
hehimhishishimself
sheherherhersherself
itititsitsitself
我们weusouroursourselves
他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves

7.1 三条判断规则

在句首、作主语 → 主格:He is my friend.

在动词后、介词后 → 宾格:Give it to me. / with him / Let's help her.

后面有名词用形容词性物主(my book);后面没名词用名词性物主(It's mine)。

三大易错:its(它的)没有撇号,it's = it is,两者完全不同;② Me and Tom are... ❌ → Tom and I are... ✅(主格且把 I 放后面表礼貌);③ 反身代词固定短语:enjoy oneself(玩得开心)、help oneself to(随便吃)、by oneself(独自)、teach oneself(自学)。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:This book isn't ______ (I). ______ (I) is in the bag.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:mine / Mine 解析:两处后面都没有名词,须用名词性物主代词 mine(= my book)。若写 my 则缺少被修饰的名词。
  2. 填空:Tom and ______ (I) went to the park. Mom bought some fruit for ______ (we).
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:I / us 解析:第一空与 Tom 并列作主语,用主格 I;第二空在介词 for 后,用宾格 us。介词后一律用宾格,这是最稳的判断法。
  3. 填空:The dog hurt ______ (it) while playing. ______ (it) leg is broken.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:itself / Its 解析:第一空动作反射回主语本身,用反身代词 itself;第二空后有名词 leg,用形容词性物主 its(无撇号)。
口诀:句首主格,动介后宾格;带名词用 my,不带用 mine;its 无撇号。

8. 其他代词(不定代词与指示代词)

本课目标:分清 some/any、few/little、both/all、other/another 等易混代词。

8.1 复合不定代词

构成:some/any/no/every + one/body/thing → someone, anybody, nothing, everything…

三条铁律:① 作主语时视为单数Everyone is here.;② 形容词后置something important(重要的事)、nothing new;③ some- 用于肯定句,any- 用于否定/疑问句,但表示请求或建议的疑问句用 someWould you like something to drink?

8.2 高频易混对照表

词组含义接什么
few / a few几乎没有 / 有几个可数复数a few friends
little / a little几乎没有 / 有一点不可数a little water
both / all两者都 / 三者以上都both of us(2 人)
either / neither两者之一 / 两者都不接单数Neither answer is right.
none / no one一个也没(可指物)/ 没有人None of the books is new.
other / others其他的(+名词)/ 其他人(单独用)other students = others
another / the other又一个(三者以上)/ 另一个(共两个)接单数one…the other(两个)
最难辨析:共两样东西 → one ... the other ...;三样以上先说一个再说"另一个" → one ... another ...;"剩下全部" → the others
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:I have two brothers. One is a doctor, ______ is a teacher.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:the other 解析:总共只有两个,"另一个"是确定的,用 the other。若写 another 则暗示有三个以上。
  2. 填空:There is ______ (几乎没有) milk left. We need to buy some.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:little 解析:milk 不可数,表否定含义"几乎没有"用 little(无 a)。若是 a little 意为"还有一点",与后句"需要去买"矛盾。
  3. 改错:Everyone in our class are interested in something interesting.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:are → is(something interesting 正确无需改)。 解析:Everyone 作主语视为单数,谓语用 is。形容词修饰复合不定代词必须后置,故 something interesting 是正确语序。
口诀:不定代词当单数;形容词要后置;两个 the other,多个用 another。

9. 数词与时间表达

本课目标:会读写基数词与序数词,会表达时间、日期、分数、年代。

9.1 序数词构成

基数词序数词规律
one / two / threefirst / second / third完全不规则,必背
five / ninefifth / ninthfive→fif+th,nine 去 e
eight / twelveeighth / twelftheight 只加 h,twelve 变 f
twenty / thirtytwentieth / thirtieth整十位变 y 为 ie + th
其他+ thfour→fourth, six→sixth
基数词表数量不加 s:two hundred students(hundred 不加 s)。但表概数时加 s 且带 of:hundreds of students(数百名学生)、thousands ofmillions of

9.2 时间、日期与年代

钟点:7:00 → seven (o'clock);7:15 → seven fifteen / a quarter past seven;7:30 → half past seven;7:45 → a quarter to eight(差一刻到八点)。

日期:写 May 1(st), 2026,读 May the first, twenty twenty-six。

年代:1990s 读 the nineteen nineties(二十世纪九十年代)。

分数:分子基数、分母序数,分子大于 1 分母加 s:1/3 = one third;2/3 = two thirds;1/2 = a half。

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:There are ______ (two hundred) books here, and ______ (hundred) of them are new.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:two hundred / hundreds 解析:前有确切数字 two,hundred 不加 s;后表概数"数百",必须 hundreds of。这是数词最高频考点。
  2. 写出 8:45 的两种英文表达。
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:eight forty-five / a quarter to nine 解析:超过半点用 to + 下一个整点,且要"差多少到几点",所以是 to nine 而非 to eight。
  3. 填空:September is the ______ (nine) month of the year.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:ninth 解析:nine 变序数词要去掉 e 再加 th → ninth。同类不规则:five→fifth、twelve→twelfth、eight→eighth。
口诀:确切数字不加 s,概数 hundreds of;过半用 to,未过半用 past。

10. 形容词与副词

本课目标:知道形容词与副词各放什么位置,会由形容词变副词。

10.1 位置对比

修饰对象位置
形容词名词名词a beautiful girl
形容词主语系动词作表语She is beautiful.
形容词复合不定代词代词something new
副词动词动词后 / 句末He runs fast.
副词形容词、副词被修饰词very good, quite well

10.2 形容词变副词规则

情况规则
一般+ lyslow→slowly, quick→quickly
辅音 + y变 y 为 i + lyhappy→happily, easy→easily, angry→angrily
以 le 结尾去 e + ypossible→possibly, simple→simply
以 ue 结尾去 e + lytrue→truly
形副同形不变fast, hard, early, late, high, near(无 fastly
意义完全不同的三组:hard(努力地)vs hardly(几乎不):He works hard.He hardly works.;② late(迟)vs lately(最近);③ high(高)vs highly(高度地、非常)。中考单选常年考 hard / hardly。

10.3 多个形容词并列的顺序

顺序口诀:限定 → 大小 → 形状 → 新旧 → 颜色 → 国籍 → 材料 → 名词("美小圆旧黄,中国木书房")。

例:a beautiful small round old yellow Chinese wooden table。初中考查一般不超过 3 个词,如 a big new red car

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:He studies very ______ (hard), so he ______ (hardly) fails an exam.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:hard / hardly 解析:hard 表"努力地",hardly 表"几乎不",两者含义相反。句意"他学习很努力,所以几乎不会考试不及格",逻辑通顺。
  2. 用 easy 的适当形式填空:The question is very ______, and I can answer it ______.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:easy / easily 解析:第一空在系动词 is 后作表语用形容词;第二空修饰动词 answer 用副词。easy 属辅音+y,变 y 为 i 加 ly → easily。
  3. 排序:a / car / red / new / big
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:a big new red car 解析:按"大小→新旧→颜色"顺序。记住口诀"美小圆旧黄,中国木书房",big(大小)在 new(新旧)前,new 在 red(颜色)前。
口诀:形修名、副修动;hard 努力 hardly 几乎不;美小圆旧黄,中国木书房。

11. 比较级与最高级

本课目标:会构成比较级最高级,掌握 6 个高频比较句型。

11.1 构成规则

情况规则
单音节 / 部分双音节+ er / + esttall→taller→tallest
以 e 结尾+ r / + stnice→nicer→nicest
辅音 + y变 y 为 i + er/esthappy→happier→happiest, early→earlier
重读闭音节(一辅音结尾)双写末辅音 + er/estbig→bigger, hot→hotter, thin→thinner, fat→fatter
多音节 / 多数双音节more / most +beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
不规则(必背)比较级最高级
good / wellbetterbest
bad / badly / illworseworst
many / muchmoremost
littlelessleast
farfarther(距离)/ further(程度)farthest / furthest
oldolder / elder(长幼)oldest / eldest

11.2 六大高频句型

A + 比较级 + than + BTom is taller than Jim.

as + 原级 + as(和…一样)/not as/so + 原级 + as(不如):She is as tall as me.

the + 最高级 + in/of + 范围the tallest in our class(in 接单位/地点)、the tallest of the three(of 接同类群体)。

比较级 + and + 比较级(越来越…):hotter and hotter;多音节用 more and more beautiful

The + 比较级…, the + 比较级…(越…越…):The more you read, the better you'll write.

Which/Who is + 比较级, A or B?(两者比较用比较级不用最高级)。

三大易错:① 比较级前可用 much / a lot / far / a little / even 修饰,不能用 verymuch taller ✅ / very taller ❌;② 最高级前必须有 the(副词最高级 the 可省);③ one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词one of the tallest boys,名词必须复数。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:The weather is getting ______ and ______ (hot) these days.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:hotter and hotter 解析:hot 是重读闭音节,双写 t 加 er。"越来越…"用"比较级 and 比较级"结构。
  2. 填空:Shanghai is one of the ______ (big) ______ (city) in China.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:biggest / cities 解析:one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词。两个空一起考:最高级 biggest(双写 g),名词必须变复数 cities。
  3. 改错:Her English is very better than mine.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:very → much(或 a lot / far)。 解析:very 不能修饰比较级。修饰比较级的词只有 much、a lot、far、even、a little、a bit 等。
口诀:重读闭音节要双写;两者比较用比较级,三者以上用最高级;much 修比较,very 不可以。

12. 介词

本课目标:掌握时间、地点介词的选择规则,记住高频固定搭配。

12.1 时间介词 in / on / at

介词用于
at钟点、正午/夜晚、节日点at 6:00, at noon, at night, at Christmas
on具体某天、某天的上下午on Monday, on May 1st, on a cold morning
in年、月、季节、泛指上下午in 2026, in May, in summer, in the morning
关键区分:in the morning(泛指上午)但 on Monday morning(具体某天的上午 → 用 on)。凡"具体到某一天"就用 on,这条规则可解决 90% 的题。

12.2 其他高频时间介词

for + 时间段(持续多久):for two hours | since + 时间点(自从):since 2020

in + 一段时间(将来"多久之后"):in two days | after + 时间点:after 6 o'clock

during(在…期间):during the holiday | by(到…为止):by the end of last year

from…to…(从…到…) | until / till(直到):not…until(直到…才)

12.3 地点与方位介词

介词含义
in在…里面(大地点)in China, in the box
on在…表面上 / 接壤on the desk, on the wall
at在…(小地点、一点)at the bus stop, at school
above / over / under / below在上方(不接触)/ 正上方 / 下方over the river
in front of / in the front of在(外部)前面 / 在(内部)前部in front of the car(车外)
between / among两者之间 / 三者以上之中between you and me
across / through横过表面 / 穿过内部through the forest
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:I usually get up at six ______ the morning, but ______ Sunday morning I sleep late.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:in / on 解析:泛指上午用 in the morning;具体到 Sunday 这一天的上午,必须用 on。"具体某天就用 on"是核心判据。
  2. 填空:He has lived here ______ 2019, that is, ______ about seven years.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:since / for 解析:2019 是时间点用 since;about seven years 是时间段用 for。这对搭配是现在完成时的标志,必须绑定记忆。
  3. 填空:There is a big tree ______ (在…前面,车外) the house, and the driver sits ______ (在…前部) the bus.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:in front of / in the front of 解析:有 the 表示"在内部的前部"(司机在车内前部);无 the 表示"在外部前面"。多一个 the 意思完全变。
口诀:年月季节用 in,具体某天用 on,钟点用 at;for 接段 since 接点。

13. 连词

本课目标:会用并列连词与从属连词连接句子,避免"两个连词同时用"的中式错误。

13.1 并列连词

连词含义
and并且(顺承)He is tall and strong.
but但是(转折)He is poor but happy.
or或者;否则Hurry up, or you'll be late.
so所以(结果)It rained, so we stayed home.
both…and两者都(谓语用复数)Both Tom and Jim are here.
either…or要么…要么(就近一致)Either you or he is right.
neither…nor两者都不(就近一致)Neither he nor I am late.
not only…but also不仅…而且(就近一致)Not only he but also I like it.
就近原则:either…or / neither…nor / not only…but also 连接主语时,谓语与靠得最近的那个主语保持一致。而 both…and 一律用复数。

13.2 中式英语最大陷阱:连词不能重复

中文习惯"虽然…但是…""因为…所以…"两头都说,英语只能留一个

Although he is old, but he is strong. ✅ Although he is old, he is strong.

Because it rained, so we stayed. ✅ Because it rained, we stayed.It rained, so we stayed.

13.3 祈使句 + and / or

祈使句 + and + 结果句(就会…):Work hard, and you will succeed.

祈使句 + or + 结果句(否则…):Hurry up, or you'll miss the bus.

可与 If 句互换:If you hurry up, you won't miss the bus.

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 改错:Though she was tired, but she went on working.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:删去 but 解析:though/although 与 but 不能连用,只能留一个。这是中国学生最高频的连词错误。
  2. 填空:Not only Tom but also his parents ______ (be) going to the concert.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:are 解析:not only…but also 遵循就近原则,谓语与最近的主语 his parents(复数)一致,故用 are。
  3. 用 or 或 and 填空:Study hard, ______ you will pass the exam. Get up early, ______ you'll be late.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:and / or 解析:第一句是正面结果用 and(就会通过);第二句是负面后果用 or(否则会迟到)。"and 顺,or 逆"。
口诀:although 不跟 but,because 不跟 so;就近一致记三组;祈使句 and 顺 or 逆。

14. 动词形态工厂(时态的前置地基)

本课目标:会写出任意动词的 5 种形态。这一课不过关,后面 10 课时态全部学不会。

每个动词有 5 种形态,时态就是用这 5 种形态拼出来的。先把"零件"造好,再学"组装"。

形态叫法用在哪个时态例(do)
原形v.一般现在(非三单)、将来、情态动词后do
第三人称单数v-s一般现在时主语是"他/她/它"does
过去式v-ed一般过去时did
过去分词p.p.完成时、被动语态done
现在分词v-ing进行时doing

14.1 第三人称单数形式变化

情况规则
一般+ swork→works
s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾+ eswatch→watches, go→goes, do→does, teach→teaches, fix→fixes
辅音 + y变 y 为 i + esstudy→studies, fly→flies, carry→carries
特殊have→has

14.2 现在分词(-ing)变化

情况规则
一般+ ingwork→working
以不发音 e 结尾去 e + ingmake→making, write→writing, come→coming
重读闭音节(辅+元+辅)双写末辅音 + ingrun→running, swim→swimming, sit→sitting, get→getting, put→putting, begin→beginning
ie 结尾变 ie 为 y + ingdie→dying, lie→lying, tie→tying

14.3 过去式与过去分词(规则变化)

情况规则
一般+ edwork→worked
以 e 结尾+ dlike→liked
辅音 + y变 y 为 i + edstudy→studied, carry→carried
重读闭音节双写 + edstop→stopped, plan→planned

14.4 不规则动词核心表(必须背到条件反射)

类型原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词
AAA 型(三同)cut-cut-cut, put-put-put, let-let-let, read-read-read(读音变), cost-cost-cost
ABB 型(后两同)buy-bought-bought, bring-brought-brought, think-thought-thought, teach-taught-taught, catch-caught-caught, find-found-found, tell-told-told, sell-sold-sold, keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, feel-felt-felt, leave-left-left, meet-met-met, lose-lost-lost, make-made-made, say-said-said, hear-heard-heard, build-built-built, send-sent-sent, spend-spent-spent, get-got-got, stand-stood-stood, understand-understood-understood
ABC 型(三不同)go-went-gone, do-did-done, see-saw-seen, eat-ate-eaten, take-took-taken, give-gave-given, write-wrote-written, speak-spoke-spoken, break-broke-broken, choose-chose-chosen, drive-drove-driven, ride-rode-ridden, rise-rose-risen, know-knew-known, grow-grew-grown, fly-flew-flown, draw-drew-drawn, begin-began-begun, drink-drank-drunk, swim-swam-swum, sing-sang-sung, ring-rang-rung, wear-wore-worn, forget-forgot-forgotten, be(am/is)-was-been, be(are)-were-been
ABA 型(一三同)come-came-come, run-ran-run, become-became-become
背法建议:把上表按 AAA / ABB / ABC / ABA 四组分开背,每天背 10 个并横着念三遍(go-went-gone)。默写时必须三个一起写,只会过去式不会过去分词是完成时和被动语态失分的直接原因。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 写出 5 种形态:study
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:study / studies / studied / studied / studying 解析:辅音 + y 结尾,三单和过去式都要变 y 为 i(studies, studied),但 -ing 直接加,不变 y(studying)。
  2. 写出 -ing 形式:swim, write, lie, put
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:swimming / writing / lying / putting 解析:swim、put 是重读闭音节双写末辅音;write 去掉不发音的 e;lie 属 ie 结尾,变 ie 为 y 加 ing。
  3. 写出过去式和过去分词:break, take, come, buy
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:broke-broken / took-taken / came-come / bought-bought 解析:break、take 是 ABC 型;come 是 ABA 型(过去分词回到原形);buy 是 ABB 型。四种类型各考一个,全对说明不规则表基本过关。
口诀:五形态是零件,时态是组装;不规则横着背,三个一起写。

15. 时态时间轴(总览)

本课目标:建立时态全局地图,做题时能先"定时间"再"定时态"。

时态 = 时间(过去 / 现在 / 将来)× 状态(一般 / 进行 / 完成)。初中要求掌握 8 种,下表是全景。

一般(做了/常做)进行(正在做)完成(已经做完)
现在一般现在
do / does
现在进行
am/is/are + doing
现在完成
have/has + done
过去一般过去
did
过去进行
was/were + doing
过去完成
had + done
将来一般将来
will do / be going to do
(初中不要求)(初中不要求)

15.1 解题万能三步法

第一步 找时间标志词。every day → 现在;yesterday → 过去;tomorrow → 将来;now → 进行;already/yet/ever → 完成。

第二步 定状态。是"经常做"、"正在做",还是"已经做完对现在有影响"?

第三步 查主语人称,调整动词形式。主语是 he/she/it 单数吗?要不要加 s?be 动词用 am/is/are/was/were 哪个?

关键认知:90% 的时态题都能靠"标志词"直接秒杀。所以下面每一课都会给出该时态的标志词清单,务必背下来。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 判断时态:He ______ (go) to Beijing last year.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:went(一般过去时)。 解析:标志词 last year 指向过去,用过去式 went。go 是 ABC 型不规则动词。
  2. 判断时态:Look! The children ______ (play) football.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:are playing(现在进行时)。 解析:Look! 是现在进行时的标志词,表示"此刻正在"。主语 children 是复数,be 用 are。
  3. 判断时态:I ______ (finish) my homework already.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:have finished(现在完成时)。 解析:already 是现在完成时标志词。主语 I 用 have,finish 的过去分词是 finished。
口诀:先找标志词,再定状态,最后看人称。

16. 一般现在时

本课目标:掌握三单加 s 规则,会写肯定、否定、疑问三种句式。这是失分第一名的时态。

16.1 用法与标志词

用法:① 经常性、习惯性动作;② 客观真理;③ 现在的状态、特征。

标志词:always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、never(从不)、every day/week/year、once a week(每周一次)、on Sundays。

16.2 三种句式(分"有实义动词"和"be 动词"两条线)

实义动词(like, go…)be 动词
肯定I like it. / He likes it.I am / He is / You are
否定I don't like it. / He doesn't like it.
(doesn't 后动词回原形!)
I am not / He isn't
一般疑问Do you like it? / Does he like it?Are you…? / Is he…?
特殊疑问What do you like? / What does he like?Where is he?
三大死穴(错一次记一辈子):
三单漏 sHe like apples. ❌ → likes ✅
doesn't 后又加 sHe doesn't likes. ❌ → doesn't like ✅(助动词已表三单,实义动词必须回原形)
be 动词和 do 混用He is likes apples. ❌ 一个句子只能有一个谓语动词。

16.3 主语是"第三人称单数"的判断

下列情况都算三单,动词都要加 s:he / she / it、单个人名(Tom)、单数名词(my father, the cat)、不可数名词(water)、复合不定代词(everyone, nobody)、动名词(Swimming is fun)、this/that + 单数

反之,I / you / we / they、复数名词、A and B 并列主语,动词都用原形

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:My sister ______ (watch) TV every evening, but she ______ (not do) her homework early.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:watches / doesn't do 解析:主语 My sister 是三单,watch 以 ch 结尾加 es → watches;否定用 doesn't,其后动词必须回原形 do(不能写 doesn't does)。
  2. 改错:Does your father works in a hospital?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:works → work 解析:Does 已经承担了"三单"的信息,实义动词必须用原形。这是三单最典型的"重复表达"错误。
  3. 填空:Everyone in our class ______ (like) the new teacher. Tom and Jim ______ (like) her too.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:likes / like 解析:Everyone 是复合不定代词,视为三单加 s;Tom and Jim 是并列主语属复数,动词用原形。注意 in our class 是修饰成分,不影响主语的单复数判断。
口诀:三单必加 s;don't/doesn't 后动词回原形;有 be 就不用 do。

17. 主谓一致(专项突破)

本课目标:遇到长主语、并列主语、不定代词时,能准确判断谓语用单数还是复数。

做题时最容易被"修饰成分"骗到。核心方法:先划掉所有修饰语,只看真正的主语中心词。

主语情况谓语
主语 + with / together with / as well as / including + 名词前面的主语Tom, with his friends, is here.
either…or / neither…nor / not only…but also就近原则Neither he nor they are right.
both…and / A and B复数Both Tom and Jim are here.
不定代词(everyone, nobody, something…)单数Everybody likes it.
each / every / one of + 复数名词单数Each of the students has a book.
the number of + 复数(…的数量)单数The number of students is 50.
a number of + 复数(许多)复数A number of students are here.
时间、金钱、距离作整体单数Ten years is a long time.
class / family / team(整体 / 成员)单数 / 复数My family is big.(整体)/ My family are all teachers.(成员)
people / police / children复数The police are coming.
news / physics / maths(带 s 却单数)单数The news is exciting.
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:Mr. Wang, together with his students, ______ (be) visiting the museum.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:is 解析:together with 引导的是伴随成分,不改变主语,真正主语是 Mr. Wang(单数),故用 is。划掉逗号中间部分就一目了然。
  2. 填空:The number of the visitors ______ (be) about 3,000, and a number of them ______ (be) foreigners.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:is / are 解析:the number of 意为"…的数量",中心词是 number(单数);a number of 意为"许多",中心词是后面的复数名词。一字之差,考法固定。
  3. 填空:Each of the boys ______ (have) a football, and both of them ______ (like) playing it.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:has / like 解析:Each of + 复数视为单数用 has;both of 表两者都,用复数 like。each 与 both 是相反的判断,容易混,务必对比记。
口诀:先划修饰再看主语;with/as well as 看前面,either/neither 看后面;the number 单数,a number 复数。

18. 一般过去时

本课目标:掌握过去式变化和 did 句式,避免"did 后又用过去式"的错误。

18.1 用法与标志词

用法:过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态(与现在无关)。

标志词:yesterday、last night/week/year、… ago(two days ago)、in 2020、just now(刚才)、this morning、once upon a time、when I was young。

区分:just now(刚才)是一般过去时标志;just(刚刚)是现在完成时标志。I saw him just now. vs I have just seen him.

18.2 三种句式

实义动词be 动词
肯定He went there.He was / They were
否定He didn't go there.(回原形)He wasn't / They weren't
疑问Did he go there?(回原形)Was he…? / Were they…?
核心死穴:Did you went? ❌ → Did you go? ✅ He didn't went. ❌ → didn't go ✅。助动词 did 已表过去,实义动词必须回原形,与三单规律完全一样。

18.3 be 动词 was / were 的选择

was:I / he / she / it / 单数名词 | were:you / we / they / 复数名词

特殊:虚拟语气中一律用 were → If I were you, I would…(如果我是你)。

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:I ______ (not see) the film last night because I ______ (be) too busy.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:didn't see / was 解析:last night 是过去标志。否定用 didn't + 原形 see(不能写 didn't saw);be 动词主语 I 在过去用 was。
  2. 改错:Where did you went during the holiday?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:went → go 解析:疑问句中 did 已表过去,实义动词回原形。这与"Does he works"是同一类错误,本质都是"过去/三单信息表达了两次"。
  3. 填空:There ______ (be) a lot of people in the park yesterday, but there ______ (be) only one policeman.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:were / was 解析:There be 遵循就近原则:people 是复数用 were;one policeman 是单数用 was。yesterday 定位为过去时。
口诀:did/didn't 后必回原形;just now 过去时,just 完成时。

19. 一般将来时

本课目标:掌握 will 与 be going to 的区别,会用现在时表将来的三种情况。

19.1 两种基本结构

will + 动词原形be going to + 动词原形
侧重单纯将来、临时决定、预测计划、打算、有迹象的推测
肯定I will go.(I'll go)I am going to go.
否定I won't go.I am not going to go.
疑问Will you go?Are you going to go?
例句对比Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.(有迹象)Don't worry. I will help you.(临时决定)

标志词:tomorrow、next week/month/year、in the future、in two days(两天后)、soon、from now on、the day after tomorrow。

19.2 用现在时表将来的三种情况(易错高地)

时间/条件状语从句中,从句用现在时代替将来时("主将从现"):I will call you when he comes back.(不能写 will come)

表位移的动词(go, come, leave, arrive, start)可用现在进行时表最近安排:I am leaving tomorrow.

时刻表、日程用一般现在时:The train leaves at 6:00.

be about to do(即将、马上要做,不与具体时间连用):He is about to leave. be to do(按计划、按规定要做):We are to meet at 8.
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:Look at the black clouds! It ______ (rain).
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:is going to rain 解析:有明显迹象(黑云)表明即将发生,用 be going to 而不用 will。这是 will 与 be going to 的经典分辨题。
  2. 填空:I ______ (tell) him the news as soon as he ______ (arrive).
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:will tell / arrives 解析:"主将从现":as soon as 引导时间状语从句,从句用一般现在时 arrives(主语 he 三单加 s),主句用将来时 will tell。
  3. 改错:He won't to go there tomorrow.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:删去 to 解析:will/won't 是情态动词,后面直接跟动词原形,不加 to。若用 be going to 才有 to:He isn't going to go.
口诀:will 后接原形不加 to;有迹象用 be going to;主将从现别用 will。

20. 现在进行时

本课目标:掌握 am/is/are + doing 结构,正确写出 -ing 形式。

结构:am / is / are + 现在分词(doing)

用法:① 此刻正在进行的动作;② 现阶段持续进行的动作(These days he is studying hard.);③ 与 always 连用表抱怨(He is always losing things.)。

标志词:now、at the moment、Look!、Listen!、It's 8 o'clock.、these days。

句式
肯定He is reading.
否定He isn't reading.(否定 be,不用 don't)
疑问Is he reading? / What is he doing?
三大易错:漏 be 动词He reading. ❌ → is reading ✅;② 否定用 He doesn't reading ❌,有 be 就否定 be;③ 不能用于进行时的动词:like, want, know, need, love, hate, have(拥有), see, hear 等表状态的动词无进行时 → I am knowing ❌ → I know ✅。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:Listen! Someone ______ (sing) in the next room.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:is singing 解析:Listen! 是现在进行时标志。Someone 是复合不定代词视为单数,be 用 is。
  2. 填空:The students ______ (not read) now. They ______ (have) a PE class.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:aren't reading / are having 解析:否定直接否定 be(aren't reading),不用 don't。注意 have 表"上课/吃饭"这类动作时可以用进行时,只有表"拥有"时不能。
  3. 改错:I am wanting a new bike very much.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:am wanting → want 解析:want 是表心理状态的动词,无进行时。同类:like、know、need、love、hate、see、hear。
口诀:be + doing 缺一不可;有 be 否定 be;心理状态动词无进行。

21. 过去进行时

本课目标:掌握 was/were + doing,会用 when / while 描述"当时正在做"。

结构:was / were + 现在分词(doing)

用法:过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

标志词:at that time、at 8:00 yesterday、this time yesterday、when/while 引导的过去时间从句。

21.1 when 与 while 的经典搭配

结构含义例句
过去进行 + when + 过去时正在做…时,突然发生了…I was reading when he came in.
过去时 + while + 过去进行…发生在…正进行时He came in while I was reading.
while + 过去进行,过去进行两个动作同时进行While I was cooking, she was cleaning.
核心区别:while 后面的动词必须是延续性动作(进行时),when 后面可以是短暂动作(过去时)。做题看空格在 when/while 的哪一边即可判断。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:I ______ (do) my homework at eight o'clock last night.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:was doing 解析:at eight o'clock last night 是过去某一时刻,表"那时正在做",用过去进行时。主语 I 用 was。
  2. 填空:While my mother ______ (cook), I ______ (watch) TV.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:was cooking / was watching 解析:while 引导延续性动作用过去进行时;两个动作同时进行,主句也用过去进行时。
  3. 填空:She ______ (read) a book when the phone ______ (ring).
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:was reading / rang 解析:when 后接突发的短暂动作用一般过去时 rang(ring-rang-rung);主句表"正在进行"用过去进行时。这是最典型的搭配。
口诀:when 接短暂,while 接延续;正在做时突然来,主句进行从句过去。

22. 现在完成时(中考最难时态)

本课目标:能区分现在完成时与一般过去时,掌握 have been / have gone 和延续性动词转换。

结构:have / has + 过去分词(done)(主语三单用 has,其余用 have)

核心概念:过去发生的动作对现在造成了影响或结果,或从过去持续到现在。它讲的是"现在",不是"过去"。

22.1 两大用法与标志词

用法含义标志词
① 完成用法已做完,重点在现在的结果already(已经)、yet(还,用于否定疑问)、just(刚刚)、ever、never、before、recentlyI have already finished it.
② 持续用法从过去持续到现在,还在继续for + 时间段、since + 时间点、how long、so far、in the past few yearsHe has lived here for ten years.

22.2 与一般过去时的根本区别

一般过去时现在完成时
关注点过去的事,与现在无关过去的事对现在的影响
能否带确切过去时间必须/可以带(yesterday, last year)绝对不能带确切过去时间
对比例句I lost my key yesterday.(昨天丢了,也许找到了)I have lost my key.(丢了,现在还没有钥匙)
判断绝招:句中一旦出现 yesterday / last week / … ago / in 2020 等确切过去时间,就绝对不能用现在完成时I have seen him yesterday. ❌ → I saw him yesterday.

22.3 have been to / have gone to / have been in

结构含义人在哪
have been to去过(已回来)人在这里I have been to Beijing twice.
have gone to去了(还没回)人不在这里He has gone to Beijing.(他人不在)
have been in待在某地(持续)人在那里He has been in Beijing for 3 years.

22.4 延续性动词转换(高频难点)

规则:短暂性动词(buy, come, leave, borrow, die, begin, join, arrive)不能与 for / since 连用,必须换成延续性表达。

短暂性延续性(与 for/since 搭配)
buyhave
come / go / arrivebe (in/here)
leavebe away (from)
borrowkeep
diebe dead
begin / startbe on
joinbe in / be a member of
get to knowknow
fall asleepbe asleep
catch a coldhave a cold

例:He has bought the car for 2 years. ❌ → He has had the car for 2 years.

否定句例外:短暂性动词的否定式可以与 for/since 连用:I haven't seen him for 3 days. ✅(否定本身具有延续性)
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:— Where is Tom? — He ______ (go) to the library. He'll be back soon.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:has gone 解析:由"他会很快回来"可知人现在不在,用 have/has gone to(去了未回)。若用 has been to 意为"去过并已回来",与语境矛盾。
  2. 改错:My uncle has joined the army for five years.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:has joined → has been in(或 has been a soldier)。 解析:join 是短暂性动词,不能与 for 五年连用。须换成延续性表达 be in the army。这是中考改错的固定考点。
  3. 填空:I ______ (not see) my grandpa since last month, but I ______ (see) him on the phone yesterday.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:haven't seen / saw 解析:第一空有 since 用现在完成时,且否定式可与 since 连用;第二空有确切过去时间 yesterday,必须用一般过去时 saw,绝不能用完成时。
口诀:have/has + done;有确切过去时间就不用完成时;been to 回来了,gone to 没回来;短暂动词不跟 for。

23. 过去完成时

本课目标:理解"过去的过去",会用 had done 表达先后顺序。

结构:had + 过去分词(done)(所有人称都用 had)

用法:表示在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作,即"过去的过去"。必须有一个过去时间作参照。

标志词:by the end of last year、before + 过去时、when + 过去时、by then、already/never + 过去语境。

时间轴理解:

过去完成(had done)一般过去(did)现在

例:When I got to the station, the train had left.(我到站是过去,火车开走在"我到站"之前 → 用过去完成时)

常见搭配:By the end of last term, we had learned 2,000 words.;② He said he had finished it.(宾语从句中主句过去时,从句表更早用过去完成);③ hardly…when… / no sooner…than…(一…就…)主句用过去完成。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:When we arrived at the cinema, the film ______ (begin).
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:had begun 解析:我们到达(arrived)是过去,电影开始更早于此,是"过去的过去",用 had + 过去分词。begin 的过去分词是 begun。
  2. 填空:By the end of last year, he ______ (write) three novels.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:had written 解析:by the end of + 过去时间,是过去完成时的固定标志。对比:by the end of this year 则用将来完成时(初中不要求)。
  3. 填空:Tom told me that he ______ (lose) his new watch.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:had lost 解析:主句 told 是过去时,从句动作"丢表"发生在"告诉我"之前,用过去完成时。这是宾语从句时态呼应的典型用法。
口诀:过去的过去用 had done;by the end of 过去年,宾语从句更早也用它。

24. 时态终极辨析(8 种一张表)

本课目标:把 8 种时态放在一起横向对比,遇到任何题都能快速定位。
时态结构核心标志词例句
一般现在do / doesalways, usually, often, every dayHe goes to school every day.
一般过去didyesterday, last…, …ago, just nowHe went there yesterday.
一般将来will do / be going to dotomorrow, next…, in the future, soonHe will go there tomorrow.
现在进行am/is/are doingnow, Look!, Listen!, at the momentHe is going there now.
过去进行was/were doingat 8 yesterday, when/whileHe was going there at 8 last night.
现在完成have/has donealready, yet, just, ever, never, for, sinceHe has gone there.
过去完成had doneby the end of last…, before + 过去时He had gone there before I came.
过去将来would dosaid/thought + 从句He said he would go.

24.1 三组最易混对比

① 一般过去 vs 现在完成——看有无确切过去时间。
I lost my pen yesterday.(有 yesterday → 过去时)
I have lost my pen.(无时间,强调现在没笔 → 完成时)

② 一般将来 vs 主将从现——看在主句还是从句。
I will go when he comes.(从句用现在时代替将来)

③ 现在完成 vs 过去完成——看参照点是"现在"还是"过去某时"。
He has left.(现在已走)
He had left when I arrived.(我到之前已走)

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:My father ______ (work) in this factory since 2015.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:has worked 解析:since + 时间点是现在完成时铁标志,表示从 2015 年持续到现在。主语 father 三单用 has。
  2. 填空:— What ______ you ______ (do) at nine last night? — I ______ (watch) TV.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:were / doing / was watching 解析:at nine last night 是过去某一时刻,问"当时正在做什么"用过去进行时。主语 you 用 were,I 用 was。
  3. 填空:He said that he ______ (call) me the next day.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:would call 解析:主句 said 是过去时,从句表"过去看来的将来",用过去将来时 would + 原形。不能写 will call。
口诀:八大时态一张表;确切过去用过去,无时间强调结果用完成;said 后 will 变 would。

25. 情态动词

本课目标:掌握 10 个情态动词的含义与否定回答,避免"情态动词后加 to/加 s"的错误。

三条铁律:① 后面必须跟动词原形;② 没有人称和数的变化(不加 s);③ 否定直接加 not,疑问直接提前。

情态动词含义否定要点
can / could能,会(能力);可以(许可)can't / couldn'tcould 比 can 更客气
may / might可以(许可);可能(推测)may notMay I…? 最礼貌
must必须(主观);一定(肯定推测)mustn't(禁止)mustn't = 禁止,不是"不必"
have to不得不(客观)don't have to(不必)有人称时态变化:has to / had to
should应该(建议)shouldn't= ought to
would愿意;会wouldn'tWould you like…? 表邀请
need需要needn't(不必)作情态动词时无 s
had better最好had better not后接原形,不是 to

25.1 三组高频对比

① must vs have to:must 是说话人主观认为必须;have to 是客观条件迫使。过去式只能用 had to(must 无过去式)。

② mustn't vs needn't/don't have toYou mustn't smoke here.(禁止吸烟)vs You needn't come.(不必来)。含义完全不同,中考必考。

③ Must I…? 的回答:肯定 Yes, you must.;否定不能用 No, you mustn't(那是"禁止"),要用 No, you needn't.No, you don't have to.

25.2 推测语气的强弱排序

must(一定,95%)> may(可能,50%)> might(也许,30%)> can't(不可能,否定推测)

例:He must be at home.(他一定在家)/He can't be at home.(他不可能在家)

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 回答:— Must I finish it today? — No, you ______.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:needn't(或 don't have to)。 解析:Must 引导的一般疑问句,否定回答表示"不必",须用 needn't / don't have to。若答 mustn't 意思变成"绝对禁止",属严重语义错误。
  2. 填空:You ______ (禁止) play with fire. It's dangerous.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:mustn't 解析:表示"禁止做某事"用 mustn't。needn't 只表"不必",语气完全不同。
  3. 改错:He can plays the piano and he must to practise every day.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:plays → play;must to → must 解析:情态动词后必须跟动词原形,且不加 to、不加 s。两处错误都是初中最典型的情态动词错误。
口诀:情态后跟原形,不加 to 不加 s;mustn't 是禁止,needn't 才是不必。

26. 被动语态

本课目标:会把主动句改成被动句,掌握 4 种时态的被动结构。

核心结构:be + 过去分词(done) +(可选)by + 动作执行者

什么时候用:① 不知道谁做的;② 强调动作的承受者;③ 说明书、科普、新闻等客观描述。

26.1 主动变被动三步法

原句:Tom cleaned the room yesterday.

第一步:把宾语(the room)提到句首作主语。

第二步:动词改为 be + 过去分词be 的时态与原句一致,人称与新主语一致 → was cleaned。

第三步:原主语加 by 放句末(可省)→ by Tom。

结果:The room was cleaned by Tom yesterday.

26.2 各时态被动结构表

时态被动结构
一般现在am/is/are + doneEnglish is spoken here.
一般过去was/were + doneThe bridge was built in 2010.
一般将来will be + doneThe work will be done soon.
现在完成have/has been + doneThe book has been sold out.
含情态动词can/must/should be + doneIt must be finished today.
四大易错:漏 beThe room cleaned ❌;② 用过去式代替过去分词was clean ❌ → was cleaned;③ 不及物动词无被动:happen、take place、appear、arrive、rise、belong to 不能用被动 → The accident was happened. ❌;④ 感官动词/使役动词的被动要还原 to:make sb dosb be made to do
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 改为被动语态:They will build a new library next year.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:A new library will be built next year. 解析:将来时被动是 will be + 过去分词。build 的过去分词是 built。原主语 they 泛指,by them 可省略。
  2. 改错:The traffic accident was happened last Sunday.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:was happened → happened 解析:happen 是不及物动词,没有被动语态。同类:take place、appear、arrive、rise、come true、belong to。
  3. 填空:The homework must ______ (finish) before six.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:be finished 解析:情态动词后的被动结构是"情态动词 + be + 过去分词"。must be finished,两个部分都不能少。
口诀:be + 过去分词是骨架;be 随时态变,分词永不变;不及物动词无被动。

27. 非谓语动词(不定式与动名词)

本课目标:知道什么时候用 to do,什么时候用 doing,掌握高频动词搭配。

一个句子只能有一个谓语动词。第二个动词必须变成非谓语形式:to do(不定式)或 doing(动名词)。

27.1 只接 to do 的高频动词

want, would like, hope, wish, decide, plan, learn, agree, refuse, choose, promise, forget(忘记去做), ask sb, tell sb, invite sb, allow sb

例:I want to go. / He asked me to help him.

27.2 只接 doing 的高频动词

enjoy, finish, mind, keep, practise, suggest, avoid, be worth, can't help(忍不住),以及所有介词后(be good at doing, thank you for doing, look forward to doing, be interested in doing)。

例:I enjoy reading. / Thank you for helping me.

特别注意:look forward to 中的 to 是介词,后面必须接 doing:I look forward to seeing you.(不是 to see)。同理 pay attention to doingget used to doing

27.3 两者都可但含义不同

动词+ to do+ doing
forget忘记要去做(还没做)忘记做过(已做)
remember记得要去记得做过
stop停下来做另一件事停止正在做的事
try努力、设法去做试着做做看
like / love / begin意义基本相同,可互换

27.4 不带 to 的不定式(省 to)

使役动词:make / let / have sb do | 感官动词:see / hear / watch / feel sb do(做过)或 doing(正在做)

助记:"一感二听三让四看"后接省 to 的不定式。

注意被动时 to 要还原:He was made to work.

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:Remember ______ (close) the door when you leave. Don't forget ______ (turn) off the light.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:to close / to turn 解析:两处都是"记得/别忘了要去做(还没做)",用 to do。若用 closing 则意为"记得已经关过门了",与语境不符。
  2. 填空:I'm looking forward to ______ (hear) from you. Thanks for ______ (help) me.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:hearing / helping 解析:look forward to 的 to 是介词,for 也是介词,介词后一律接 doing。这是初中写信作文的高频得分点。
  3. 填空:The teacher made us ______ (stay) after class, and I heard someone ______ (cry) in the room.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:stay / crying(或 cry)。 解析:make sb do 省 to;hear sb doing 强调"正在哭",hear sb do 强调"听到哭过全过程",此处 crying 更贴切。
口诀:介词后面必 doing;enjoy/finish/mind 接 doing;一感二听三让四看,省 to 不定式。

28. 四类句子与反意疑问句

本课目标:会写陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹四类句子,掌握反意疑问句的"前肯后否"规则。

28.1 四类句子速览

类型作用
陈述句陈述事实He is a student.
疑问句提问(4 小类见下)Is he a student?
祈使句命令、请求(省主语 you,动词用原形)Open the door. / Don't be late.
感叹句表达强烈情感What a nice day! / How nice!

28.2 疑问句四小类

一般疑问句(Yes/No 回答):把 be 或助动词提前 → Do you like it?

特殊疑问句(疑问词开头):疑问词 + 一般疑问句语序What do you like?

选择疑问句(用 or):Do you like tea or coffee?(不能用 Yes/No 回答)

反意疑问句(前后相反):He is a student, isn't he?

28.3 感叹句两大句型

What 引导(修饰名词):What + a/an + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主谓! 例:What a beautiful girl she is!

复数或不可数名词不加 a/an:What beautiful flowers they are! / What cold weather it is!

How 引导(修饰形容词/副词):How + 形容词/副词 + 主谓! 例:How beautiful she is! / How fast he runs!

互换技巧:看后面紧跟的是名词还是形容词。跟名词用 What,跟形容词/副词用 How。What a tall boy he is! = How tall the boy is!

28.4 反意疑问句规则

三条规则:前肯后否,前否后肯;② 简短问句的主语一律用代词;③ 借用陈述部分的 be / 助动词 / 情态动词,没有就用 do 类。

特殊情况:

· 陈述部分含 never / hardly / few / little / nothing / no 等否定词 → 视为否定,后用肯定He never comes late, does he?

· 祈使句 → 一律用 will you?Let's… → 用 shall we?Let us… → 用 will you?

· I am… → 用 aren't I? · There be 句型 → 用 isn't there?(重复 there)

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:She has never been to Beijing, ______ ______?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:has she 解析:never 是否定词,陈述部分视为否定,简短问句用肯定形式。has 是助动词(现在完成时),直接借用。
  2. How interesting the book is! 改成 What 引导的感叹句。
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:What an interesting book it is! 解析:What 后面要接名词,且 interesting 以元音音素开头须用 an。主语要相应改为代词 it。
  3. 填空:Let's go swimming, ______ ______? / Pass me the book, ______ ______?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:shall we / will you 解析:Let's(包括听话人)用 shall we;祈使句用 will you。若是 Let us(不含听话人)则用 will you,一字之差需分清。
口诀:跟名词用 What,跟形容词用 How;前肯后否,Let's 用 shall we。

29. There be 句型

本课目标:掌握就近原则,区分 There be 与 have。

含义:"某处有某物",表存在。结构:There + be + 名词 + 地点/时间状语

就近原则:be 的单复数与最靠近它的第一个名词一致。

There is a book and two pens on the desk.(近 a book → is)

There are two pens and a book on the desk.(近 two pens → are)

时态结构
一般现在There is / areThere is a cat.
一般过去There was / wereThere were many people.
一般将来There will be / There is going to beThere will be a meeting.
现在完成There has / have beenThere has been a change.
含情态动词There must / may beThere must be a mistake.
There be 与 have 的区别:There be 表"某地存在某物"(无所属关系);have 表"某人拥有某物"(有所属)。
There is a book on the desk.(桌上有本书)
I have a book.(我有本书)
Our class has fifty students. → ✅ There are fifty students in our class.

否定与疑问:直接否定 be、直接提前 be。

There isn't any water.(否定句用 any)/Is there any water?How many students are there in your class?

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:There ______ (be) a pen and three books in the bag.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:is 解析:就近原则,离 be 最近的是 a pen(单数),故用 is。若把顺序颠倒为 three books and a pen 就要用 are。
  2. 改错:Our school has a big library and many trees.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:Our school has → There is/are ... in our schoolThere is a big library and there are many trees in our school. 解析:表示"某地有某物"必须用 There be,不能用 have。这是最典型的中式英语错误。
  3. 填空:______ ______ ______ a sports meeting next week.(下周将有一场运动会)
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:There will be(或 There is going to be)。 解析:There be 的将来时是 there will be,注意 be 用原形,不能写 there will is。
口诀:There be 就近一致;某地有物用 there be,某人有物用 have。

30. 宾语从句

本课目标:掌握"三看"(引导词、语序、时态),彻底解决宾语从句失分。

什么是宾语从句:用一个句子充当宾语。I know that he is a teacher.

三步定成败:① 选对引导词;② 用陈述语序;③ 时态呼应。

30.1 第一看:引导词怎么选

原句类型引导词
陈述句that(可省略)I think (that) he is right.
一般疑问句if / whether(是否)I don't know if he will come.
特殊疑问句原疑问词(what, who, when, where, why, how)I don't know where he lives.
whether 的三种"只能用它"情况:① 与 or not 直接连用(whether or not);② 在介词后;③ 后接不定式(whether to do)。其余场合 if / whether 通用。

30.2 第二看:必须用陈述语序(最大失分点)

不管原句是不是疑问句,变成宾语从句后一律改回"主语 + 谓语"的陈述语序,助动词 do/does/did 要去掉。

I don't know where does he live. ✅ I don't know where he lives.

Can you tell me what is your name? ✅ Can you tell me what your name is?

I wonder when will he come. ✅ I wonder when he will come.

30.3 第三看:时态呼应

主句时态从句时态
现在时按需要,任何时态都行He says he will come.
过去时必须用过去的某种时态He said he would come.
从句是客观真理永远用一般现在时He said that the earth is round.

主句过去时,从句怎么变:一般现在 → 一般过去;一般过去 → 过去完成;一般将来(will)→ 过去将来(would);现在进行 → 过去进行。

✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 合并:Do you know? + When will the train arrive?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:Do you know when the train will arrive? 解析:疑问词 when 作引导词,从句必须改为陈述语序(the train will arrive),不能保留 will the train arrive。
  2. 填空:He asked me ______ I ______ (finish) my homework.(是否)
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:if / whetherhad finished 解析:原句为一般疑问句,用 if/whether 引导。主句 asked 是过去时,从句"做完作业"发生在提问之前,用过去完成时 had finished。
  3. 改错:The teacher told us that the sun rose in the east.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:rose → rises 解析:从句内容是客观真理(太阳从东方升起),不受主句过去时影响,永远用一般现在时。这是时态呼应唯一的例外。
口诀:陈述用 that,一般疑问用 if,特殊疑问用原词;语序一律陈述;主过从过,真理不变。

31. 定语从句

本课目标:会判断先行词是人还是物,正确选择 who / which / that。

作用:修饰前面的名词(叫先行词),相当于一个"长形容词"。

The man who is standing there is my teacher.(who 引导的从句修饰 the man)

31.1 关系词选择表

先行词关系词在从句中作
who / whom / that主语 / 宾语the boy who won the game
which / that主语 / 宾语the book which I bought
人或物(所属)whose定语the girl whose hair is long
地点where地点状语the school where I study
时间when时间状语the day when we met

31.2 只能用 that 的五种情况

① 先行词是不定代词(all, everything, something, nothing, anything, little, much);

② 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰:the first thing that…the best film that…

③ 先行词被 only / very / the same / any / no 修饰;

④ 先行词既有人又有物

⑤ 主句是以 who / which 开头的疑问句(避免重复)。

关系代词作宾语时可省略:The book (which) I bought is interesting. ✅ 但作主语时不能省The man who lives here is kind.(who 不能删)。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:The girl ______ is singing over there is my sister.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:who(或 that)。 解析:先行词 the girl 是人,从句中缺主语,用 who 或 that。此处不能省略关系词,因为它作主语。
  2. 填空:This is the most interesting book ______ I have ever read.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:that 解析:先行词被最高级 the most interesting 修饰,只能用 that,不能用 which。这是中考单选高频陷阱。
  3. 填空:Do you know the man ______ car is red?
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:whose 解析:从句中缺"他的"(表所属,修饰 car),用 whose。判断法:空格后紧跟名词且表"…的",就用 whose。
口诀:人用 who,物用 which,所属用 whose;最高级序数词只能用 that;作宾语可省,作主语不可省。

32. 状语从句

本课目标:掌握六类状语从句的连词,牢记"主将从现"。
类型常用连词
时间when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as, sinceI'll call you when I arrive.
条件if, unless(除非), as long as(只要)If it rains, we'll stay home.
原因because, since, asHe was late because he missed the bus.
让步though / although(虽然), even if / even thoughAlthough he is young, he is brave.
目的so that, in order that(以便)He ran fast so that he could catch the bus.
结果so…that…(如此…以致于), such…that…He is so tired that he can't walk.

32.1 主将从现(最高频考点)

规则:时间状语从句条件状语从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句必须用一般现在时代替将来时

I will tell him when he comes. ❌ when he will come

If it rains tomorrow, we won't go. ❌ If it will rain

同理,若主句是过去时,从句用一般过去时(主过从过)。

32.2 三组高频辨析

① so…that vs such…that:so + 形容词/副词 + that;such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词 + that。
He is so kind that… = He is such a kind man that…

② not…until(直到…才):He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.

③ unless = if…notYou'll fail unless you work hard. = if you don't work hard

再次强调:although / though 不能与 but 连用;because 不能与 so 连用。这是中国学生连词类第一大错。
✍ 本课练习(3 题)
  1. 填空:I will go out as soon as the rain ______ (stop).
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:stops 解析:主将从现。as soon as 引导时间状语从句,主句是将来时 will go,从句用一般现在时。主语 the rain 三单,故 stops。
  2. 用 such 改写:It was so interesting a book that I read it twice.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:It was such an interesting book that I read it twice. 解析:such 后接"a/an + 形容词 + 名词"的正常语序;so 后若接名词必须是"so + 形容词 + a/an + 名词"的特殊语序。
  3. 填空:______ he was very tired, he didn't stop working.
    ↳ 查看答案与解析 答案:Although / Though 解析:前后是转折让步关系,用 although/though。注意后半句不能再加 but。若填 Because 则逻辑不通。
口诀:主将从现(时间条件);so 接形容词,such 接名词;although 不跟 but。

33. 易错 TOP 20(错例对照)

本课目标:把中国学生最常犯的 20 个语法错误一次看完,做成错题卡反复自查。
#❌ 错误写法✅ 正确写法原因
1He like apples.He likes apples.三单漏 s
2He doesn't likes it.He doesn't like it.助动词后回原形
3Did you went there?Did you go there?did 后回原形
4He is reading book.He is reading a book.可数单数前必有冠词
5I have seen him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.完成时不带确切过去时间
6He has joined the army for 3 years.He has been in the army for 3 years.短暂动词不跟 for
7The accident was happened.The accident happened.不及物动词无被动
8Although…, but…Although…, …(删 but)连词不能重复
9I don't know where does he live.…where he lives.宾语从句用陈述语序
10I will call you when he will come.…when he comes.主将从现
11He can plays the piano.He can play the piano.情态动词后接原形
12very tallermuch tallervery 不修饰比较级
13two advicestwo pieces of advice不可数名词无复数
14It sounds well.It sounds good.系动词后接形容词
15Me and Tom are friends.Tom and I are friends.主语用主格
16Our class has 50 students.There are 50 students in our class.某地有物用 there be
17I am looking forward to see you.…to seeing you.介词后接 doing
18He is always losing thing.…losing things.可数名词泛指用复数
19No, you mustn't.(回答 Must I…?)No, you needn't.mustn't 是禁止
20an university / a houra university / an houra/an 看读音
使用方法:把这 20 条抄在卡片上,每天早读扫一遍。写完作文后逐条自查,尤其是第 1、2、3、5、9、10 条——它们占中考语法失分的一半以上。

34. 30 天学习计划

本课目标:给出可执行的日程表,每天 30–40 分钟,一个月走完全部语法。
天数学习内容当天任务
第 1–2 天第 0–3 课 句子成分与句型能画出任意句子的主谓宾
第 3–5 天第 4–6 课 名词、所有格、冠词默写复数规则表 + 不规则复数
第 6–7 天第 7–9 课 代词、数词默写代词对照表(必须全对)
第 8–10 天第 10–13 课 形副、比较级、介连默写不规则比较级 6 组
第 11–13 天第 14 课 动词形态工厂不规则动词表分 4 组背完并默写
第 14–16 天第 15–17 课 时间轴、一般现在、主谓一致三单专项 20 题
第 17–18 天第 18–19 课 一般过去、一般将来时态转换练习
第 19–20 天第 20–21 课 现在/过去进行when / while 造句各 5 句
第 21–23 天第 22–23 课 现在完成、过去完成延续性动词转换表默写
第 24 天第 24 课 时态终极辨析8 种时态各造 1 句
第 25–26 天第 25–27 课 情态、被动、非谓语主动变被动 10 句
第 27–28 天第 28–29 课 句子种类、There be感叹句 What/How 互换 5 组
第 29–30 天第 30–32 课 三大从句宾语从句合并 10 句
第 31 天第 33 课 + 第 35 课综合测综合自测 30 题,错题回溯对应课

每天的 35 分钟怎么分配:

· 前 5 分钟:复述昨天学的口诀(不看书)

· 中间 20 分钟:读新课 + 做 3 道练习

· 后 10 分钟:把做错的题抄进错题本,写清"错在哪条规则"

三个加粗的重点日:第 6–7 天(代词表)、第 11–13 天(不规则动词表)、第 21–23 天(延续性动词转换)。这三块是"死记硬背"型内容,背不下来后面无法推进,必须投入足够时间。

35. 综合自测 30 题(覆盖全部考点)

本课目标:检测掌握程度。25 题以上为合格;错题请回到对应课次重学。
✍ 第一组:词法(1–10 题)
  1. There are three ______ (child) and two ______ (woman) in the room.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:children / women → 第 4 课
  2. This is not my book. ______ (I) is over there.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:Mine → 第 7 课
  3. He is ______ honest man and works in ______ university.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:an / a → 第 6 课
  4. I have two pens. One is red, ______ is black.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:the other → 第 8 课
  5. There is ______ (little) water in the glass, so I'm still thirsty.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:little(表"几乎没有",不加 a) → 第 8 课
  6. He runs ______ (fast) than any other student in his class.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:faster → 第 11 课
  7. Shanghai is one of the ______ (large) ______ (city) in the world.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:largest / cities → 第 11 课
  8. He works very ______ (hard), but he ______ (hardly) makes mistakes.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:hard / hardly → 第 10 课
  9. I was born ______ May 1st, 2012, ______ the morning.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:on / in → 第 12 课
  10. Not only Tom but also his brothers ______ (be) good at English.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:are(就近原则) → 第 13、17 课
✍ 第二组:动词与时态(11–22 题)
  1. My father ______ (watch) TV every evening.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:watches → 第 16 课
  2. ______ your mother ______ (go) shopping yesterday?
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:Did / go → 第 18 课
  3. Look! The boys ______ (swim) in the river.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:are swimming(双写 m) → 第 20 课
  4. I ______ (read) a book when the doorbell ______ (ring).
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:was reading / rang → 第 21 课
  5. He ______ (live) in Wuhan since he was born.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:has lived → 第 22 课
  6. — Where's Lily? — She ______ (go) to the library.(人未回)
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:has gone → 第 22 课
  7. When I got there, the meeting ______ (begin).
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:had begun → 第 23 课
  8. Look at the clouds! It ______ (rain) soon.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:is going to rain → 第 19 课
  9. — Must I hand it in now? — No, you ______.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:needn't(或 don't have to) → 第 25 课
  10. The bridge ______ (build) in 2018.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:was built → 第 26 课
  11. The work must ______ (finish) today.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:be finished → 第 26 课
  12. I'm looking forward to ______ (hear) from you.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:hearing → 第 27 课
✍ 第三组:句法与从句(23–30 题)
  1. ______ a beautiful garden it is!
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:What → 第 28 课
  2. She has never been late, ______ ______?
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:has she → 第 28 课
  3. There ______ (be) a book and two pens on the desk.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:is(就近原则) → 第 29 课
  4. Could you tell me ______ ______ ______ ______?(他住在哪里)
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:where he lives → 第 30 课
  5. He said that the earth ______ (go) around the sun.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:goes(客观真理不变) → 第 30 课
  6. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:that(最高级后只用 that) → 第 31 课
  7. I'll tell him the news as soon as he ______ (come) back.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:comes(主将从现) → 第 32 课
  8. ______ he was very tired, he went on working.
    ↳ 查看答案 答案:Although / Though(不加 but) → 第 32 课

评分与后续动作:

· 28–30 分:语法主干已掌握,转入阅读与写作实战。

· 25–27 分:基本合格,把错题所在课次重读一遍并重做练习。

· 20–24 分:地基有缺口,回到错题最集中的那个阶段(词法 / 时态 / 句法)整段重学。

· 低于 20 分:从第 14 课"动词形态工厂"重新开始,动词形态没过关,时态题必然大面积失分。

附. 课本原句摘抄

说明:以下例句逐字摘自人教版《英语 八年级 上册》教材原文,用于把语法规则与孩子正在学的课文对应起来。
课本原句对应语法点关键解析
I'm a little quieter than Ella. And she is funnier than me.形容词比较级(第 11 课)quieter 直接加 er;funny 属"辅音+y"变 i 加 er → funnier;a little 修饰比较级
Ella dances better than Emma, but Emma sings louder than her.副词比较级(第 11 课)well 的比较级是不规则的 better;than 后用宾格 her
In the morning, we went to the Victory Museum.一般过去时(第 18 课)go 的过去式 went;in the morning 泛指用 in
Don't worry. There is a little time left.There be + 不可数(第 29 课)time 不可数用 is;a little 表"还有一点"(肯定含义)
How often do you do chores?一般现在时 + 频度提问(第 16 课)How often 问频率;助动词 do 后接原形 do(第二个 do 是实义动词)
训练方法:用纸盖住右边两列,只看原句,说出它用了什么语法点。能全部说对,说明规则已经和真实语境挂上钩了——这是"学完就会用"的关键一步。